18 August 2022
The Polish Act on Special Measures to Prevent and Counteract Aggression against Ukraine and to Safeguard National Security[1] dated 13 April 2022 (Polish: Ustawa z dnia 13 kwietnia 2022 r. o szczególnych rozwiązaniach w zakresie przeciwdziałania wspieraniu agresji na Ukrainę oraz służących ochronie bezpieczeństwa narodowego) (the “Sanction Act”) entered into force in Poland on 16 April 2022. The Sanction Act regulates the application of restrictive measures at the national level and introduces a list of persons and entities (the “Sanction List”) to whom certain restrictive measures specified in EU regulations, including Council Regulation (EU) No. 765/2006 (“Regulation 765/2006”) and Council Regulation (EU) No. 269/2014 (“Regulation 269/2014”) have been applied.
The Sanction Act specifies certain administrative fines (up to PLN 20 million) and penal sanctions (imprisonment for up to three years) for a breach of its provisions or for a breach of the EU sanction provisions.
As practice has shown, interpreting and applying domestic and EU sanctions may lead to trade difficulties. Businesses are often unable to clearly identify whether or not their contractor, or the execution of a specific contract, is subject to the sanctions. As a result, the Head of the National Revenue Administration (Szef Krajowej Administracji Skarbowej) has received numerous applications for rulings from businesses fearful of potentially violating the Sanction Act. This legal alert summarises basic information on the applicable laws in this respect, including the amended Sanction Act which was passed on 5 August 2022 and enters into force on 18 August 2022.
A list of persons and entities to whom restrictive measures are applied is maintained by the minister competent for internal affairs, who adds a person or entity to the Sanction List with an administrative decision. The Sanction List and the restrictive measures resulting from being added to the Sanction List are complementary to the restrictive measures stipulated by the EU regulations, and the measures applied to persons and entities appearing on the Sanction List pursuant to the Sanction Act (“Sanctioned Parties”) cannot add to the measures already applied to such persons and entities under Regulation 765/2006 and/or Regulation 269/2014. In practice, this means that if a given person or entity is included in any of the lists attached to the EU regulations that impose restrictive measures at an EU level, there is no reason to add such person or entity to the Sanction List.
Restrictive Measures
Pursuant to the Sanction Act, the following restrictive measures may be applied to Sanctioned Parties:
The Sanction List includes information on the individuals and entities subject to restrictive measures and an indication of specific restrictive measures that are applied. Consequently, only the indicated restrictive measures apply to a given person or entity.
Who may be included in the Sanction List?
Pursuant to the Sanction Act, a decision to add a person or entity to the Sanction List is issued with respect to those with financial resources, funds and economic resources, as defined by Regulation 765/2006 or Regulation 269/2014, who directly or indirectly support:
– or to those who are directly related to these persons or entities, particularly by personal, organisational, economic or financial links, or which are likely to use such funds, resources or economic resources for that purpose.
When deciding whether to add a given person or entity to the Sanction List, the minister competent for internal affairs specifically examines the nature and scope of the business and capital structure of the person or entity, and relevant national security issues.
Currently, the Sanction List includes 33 entities and 15 individuals. An analysis of the grounds for the administrative decisions issued to date regarding the Sanction List leads to the conclusion that the leading reasons a given person or entity may be added to the Sanction List are specifically (i) the identification of a sanctioned oligarch as an ultimate beneficial owner of said entity; or (ii) the identification of links which said person or entity has with other sanctioned persons or entities.
In addition, when issuing a decision to add a given person or entity to the Sanction List, the sanctioning authority is not bound by any interpretations or understandings of any of the EU-defined terms used in Regulation 765/2006 and Regulation 269/2014. The authority specifically considers the reasons given by the Sanction Act. In accordance with the interpretation of the Sanction Act thus far applied by the minister competent for internal affairs, the provisions of the EU regulations do not constitute any premise for the inclusion of a person in the Sanction List.
As the premises of the Sanction Act are unspecified, and because the Sanction Act lacks any direct reference to the EU regulations on assessing the premises for entry to the Sanction List, the scope of the Sanction List may be relatively wide. As the ministry competent for internal affairs has publicly advised, the Sanction List will continue to be extended by each subsequent sanction decision. Meanwhile, the grounds specified in the administrative Sanction List decisions issued to date show that, in practice, the Sanction List includes persons for the mere existence of a link with a Russian sanctioned person or entity. It should be noted that the Sanction Act prohibits any knowing and intentional participation in activities whose object or effect is to directly or indirectly circumvent the restrictive measures already imposed. Consequently, we recommend adopting a precautionary approach and thoroughly verifying the contractors and entities who participate in your transactions.
Application for removal from the Sanction List – a decision to remove a person or an entity from Sanction List is issued by the minister competent for internal affairs, either ex-officio or following an application by the person or entity concerned. In the application, the applicant must prove that there are no reasons to be included on the Sanction List, including the non-existence of any personal, organisational, economic or financial links between the applicant and the other sanctioned person or entity; or
Applications for the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources, or to allow provision of certain funds or economic resources – based on the delegation to Member States provided by Regulation 765/2006 and Regulation 269/2014, the Polish legislature has introduced a procedure for releasing frozen funds or economic resources. It is the Head of the National Revenue Administration who issues an administrative decision to authorise a release of frozen funds or economic resources. Such application must specify the scope of the frozen funds or economic resources to be released.
Given the wide scope in the manner the Sanction Act has been applied, and the broadening interpretation of the conditions for adding a person to the Sanction List, some of the Sanctioned Parties consider themselves unfairly targeted and have sought removal from the Sanction List. To date, such applications have mostly failed.
On 5 August 2022, the act amending the Sanction Act and the Act on the National Revenue Administration[4] (the “Amendment”) was passed by the legislature. It introduces the institution of temporary mandatory administration in entities subject to restrictive measures under the Sanction Act or the relevant EU regulations, and provides the employees of the Sanctioned Parties the opportunity to obtain payments from the Guaranteed Employee Benefits Fund (Polish: Fundusz Gwarantowanych Świadczeń Pracowniczych; or FGŚP).
> temporary mandatory administration – If a given person is subject to restrictive measures, it is possible to impose temporary mandatory administration in order to:
Mandatory administration is imposed by an administrative decision issued by the minister competent for the economy. The decision identifies the entity over which mandatory administration is imposed, the scope of the funds or economic resources to be administered, and the person in charge of the administration thereof.
> payments from the Guaranteed Employee Benefits Fund – employers subject to restrictive measures may apply for payments from the Guaranteed Employee Benefits Fund to pay their employees. If the employer has failed to make such application, an employee may also request payment from the Fund.
In addition, the Amendment references Article 268a of the Act dated 14 June 1960 – the Code of Administrative Procedure[5] and allows the minister competent for internal affairs to authorise its employees to handle matters on its behalf and issue decisions on the inclusion of a person or entity on the Sanction List as well as the removal thereof from the List. The above amendment was introduced in order to accelerate the inclusion or removal proceedings.
The Amendment enters into force on the day following its publication in the Journal of Laws, i.e. 18 August 2022.
The Dispute Resolution practice at Rymarz Zdort advises Clients and represents them in proceedings involving the Sanction Act, including proceedings before the Head of the National Revenue Administration.
Our experts specifically assist with:
Please do not hesitate to contact us.
Prepared based on the amendment dated 5 August 2022 to the Act on Special Measures to Prevent and Counteract Aggression against Ukraine and to Safeguard National Security and the Act on the National Revenue Administration.
[1] Journal of Laws of 2022 item 835.
[2] Journal of Laws of 2021 item 1129, as amended.
[3] Journal of Laws of 2021 item 2354, as amended.
[4] Amendment dated 5 August 2022 to the Act on Special Measures to Prevent and Counteract Aggression against Ukraine and to Safeguard National Security and the Act on the National Revenue Administration, Journal of Laws of 2022 item 1713.
[5] Journal of Laws of 2021 item 735, as amended.
4 November 2024
The time has come to use plain language in banks' communications with customers. To date, despite the lack of a statutory obligation, some banks have already begun implementing accessible language and...
13 September 2024
The amendment to the National Cybersecurity System Act, which implements the NIS2 Directive in Polish law, means significant changes are ahead for many entities from different sectors of the economy. ...
30 August 2024
On 30 August 2024, a communication concerning the submission of price offers following the issuance of a resolution of the Economic Commission (the “Communication”) was published in the System for Rei...
